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Blob Meaning

In blockchain scaling, a blob is a large, cost-efficient bundle of transaction data introduced to improve data availability without permanently increasing blockchain storage requirements. Blobs were introduced to Ethereum through EIP-4844, commonly known as Proto-Danksharding, as a key step toward long-term scalability. Before blobs, Layer 2 rollups were required to publish transaction data to Ethereum using CALLDATA, a mechanism processed by the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and stored permanently on-chain.

This approach was expensive and inefficient, as rollups only needed temporary data availability-not permanent storage-to allow users and validators to verify state transitions. Blobs solve this problem by separating rollup data from standard transaction execution. Instead of embedding rollup data directly into CALLDATA, rollups attach blobs to special transactions.

These blobs are not executed by the EVM and are stored only temporarily by Ethereum nodes. After a defined retention period-typically a few weeks-the data is automatically pruned from the network. This design dramatically reduces costs for rollups while preserving Ethereum’s security guarantees.

Validators store blobs long enough for anyone to independently verify rollup correctness, ensuring transparency and trust minimization. Cryptographic commitments to the blob data are stored permanently on-chain, allowing verification without keeping the full data forever.

Blobs also introduce a separate fee market, distinct from Ethereum gas fees. This prevents rollup activity from congesting the main transaction market, helping stabilize fees for regular users while allowing rollups to scale independently.

From an ecosystem perspective, blobs are a foundational building block for Ethereum’s rollup-centric roadmap. They enable cheaper transactions, higher throughput, and broader adoption of Layer 2 solutions without compromising decentralization or security.

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